Multi-Wavelength Differential Absorption Measurements of Chemical Species
Document ID: 15
Doctoral Dissertation
The Pennsylvania State University
The Graduate School
Department of Electrical Engineering
Abstract
The probability of accurate detection and quantification of airborne species is enhanced when several optical wavelengths are used to measure the differential absorption of molecular spectral features. Characterization of minor atmospheric constituents, biological hazards, and chemical plumes containing multiple species is difficult when using current approaches because of weak signatures and the use of a limited number of wavelengths used for identification. Current broadband systems such as Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) have either limitations for long-range propagation, or require transmitter power levels that are unsafe for operation in urban environments. Passive hyperspectral imaging systems that utilize absorption of solar scatter at visible and infrared wavelengths, or use absorption of background thermal emission, have been employed routinely for detection of airborne chemical species. Passive approaches have operational limitations at various ranges, or under adverse atmospheric conditions because the source intensity and spectrum is often an unknown variable.
The work presented here describes a measurement approach that uses a known source of a low transmitted power level for an active system, while retaining the benefits of broadband and extremely long-path absorption operations. An optimized passive imaging system also is described that operates in the 3 to 4 μm window of the mid-infrared. Such active and passive instruments can be configured to optimize the detection of several hydrocarbon gases, as well as many other species of interest.
Measurements have provided the incentive to develop algorithms for the calculations of atmospheric species concentrations using multiple wavelengths. These algorithms are used to prepare simulations and make comparisons with experimental results from absorption data of a supercontinuum laser source. The MODTRANTM model is used in preparing the simulations, and also in developing additional algorithms to select filters for use with a MWIR (midwave infrared) imager for detection of plumes of methane, propane, gasoline vapor, and diesel vapor. These simulations were prepared for system designs operating on a down-looking airborne platform. A data analysis algorithm for use with a hydrocarbon imaging system extracts regions of interest from the field-of-view for further analysis.
An error analysis is presented for a scanning DAS (Differential Absorption Spectroscopy) lidar system operating from an airborne platform that uses signals scattered from topographical targets. The analysis is built into a simulation program for testing real-time data processing approaches, and to gauge the effects on measurements of path column concentration due to ground reflectivity variations. An example simulation provides a description of the data expected for methane.
Several accomplishments of this research include:
- A new lidar technique for detection and measurement of concentrations of atmospheric species is demonstrated that uses a low-power supercontinuum source.
- A new multi-wavelength algorithm, which demonstrates excellent performance, is applied to processing spectroscopic data collected by a longpath supercontinuum laser absorption instrument.
- A simulation program for topographical scattering of a scanning DAS system is developed, and it is validated with aircraft data from the ITT Industries ANGEL (Airborne Natural Gas Emission Lidar) 3-λ lidar system.
- An error analysis procedure for DAS is developed, and is applied to measurements and simulations for an airborne platform.
- A method for filter selection is developed and tested for use with an infrared imager that optimizes the detection for various hydrocarbons that absorb in the midwave infrared.
- The development of a Fourier analysis algorithm is described that allows a user to rapidly separate hydrocarbon plumes from the background features in the field of view of an imaging system.
Keywords: Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), gas composition
| Citation: | D. M. Brown, "Multi-Wavelength Differential Absorption Measurements of Chemical Species", The Pennsylvania State University, Doctoral Dissertation, August 2008, 206 pages |